Ultrasonic knife

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is an improved ultrasonic knife of a type for incising various types of material. The knife has a reduced thermal footprint to tailor thermally induced tissue effects. Tooth configuration on the knife cooperates with the stroke of the ultrasonic drive to produce efficient cutting, as well as tactile feedback to the surgeon with respect to the rate of cutting, and changes in tissue density. Ultrasonic knife tip extenders are also disclosed for advancing the ultrasonic knife tip through the working channel of an endoscope or trocar sheath. Methods utilizing the foregoing apparatus are also disclosed.

This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/055,042, filedApr. 29, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,380, which is a continuation ofapplication Ser. No. 07/839,411, filed Feb. 20, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No.5,261,922, issued Nov. 16, 1993.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates generally to ultrasonic surgical instruments and,more particularly, to an improved ultrasonic knife.

2. Description of Related Art

The use of ultrasonic surgical instruments for cutting various types oftissues and/or removal of cement within the body is well known. Anultrasonic surgical instrument commonly comprises a knife bladeconnected to an ultrasonic oscillation source. The edge of the knifeblade is brought into direct contact with the tissue being operated onand vibrated at ultrasonic frequencies. Conventional ultrasonic surgicalinstruments are used to cut or shatter a variety of living tissues suchas the soft tissue found in cataracts, the cartilaginous tissue foundaround bones, and the osseous tissue of the bone itself. Surgeons arealso finding ultrasonics to be an excellent tool for the removal ofcements, such as, for example, Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), which isfrequently used to affix a prosthetic hip joint to the existing femur.

The mechanical oscillation at the end of an ultrasonically vibratedknife blade reduces the amount of pressure required to initiate andpropagate a cut or incision which allows the surgeon to concentrate moreon the direction of cut. Advantageously, the surrounding tissueexperiences minimal stretching and tearing as compared to proceduresutilizing conventional stationary blades.

Problems which can be associated with ultrasonic surgery includeexcessive heat generation, tearing of tissue, or inadvertent cutting ofnearby structures. Other problems have been associated with theergonomics of ultrasonic surgical instruments. Moreover, differentsurgeons desire different tactile feedback and operating performance.The prior art generally has demonstrated a lack of understanding of thetactile feedback necessary to carefully re-sect different types ofliving tissues with one particular knife.

Some examples of prior art have attempted to reduce the "thermalfootprint" of the ultrasonic cutting tool. For example, in U.S. Pat. No.5,026,387 issued to Thomas, an ultrasonic surgical cutting tool isdisclosed which automatically shuts off upon removal from the tissue.The automatic shut-off switch reduces the time that the surgical cuttingknife is vibrating and thus decreases its heat buildup. U.S. Pat. No.4,188,952 issued to Loschilov et al., discloses an ultrasonic surgicalinstrument which relies on a pentagonal cross section to reduce thethermal damage to the side surfaces of the tissue being cut because of asmaller area of surface contact. The thermal footprint of an ultrasonicsurgical knife is defined by its surface area in contact with thetissue, both frontally and on the sides. In general, the inventions ofthe prior art have been fairly simple in their approach to reducingthermal footprint of ultrasonic blades and have failed to provide anyreal sophistication for the design of these tools which is sorelyneeded.

A need exists for an improved ultrasonic surgical blade which givesbetter feedback when cutting through various types of tissue andprovides enhanced ergonomics to surgeons.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

There is provided in accordance with one aspect of the presentinvention, a method of cavitation-assisted surgery utilizing anultrasonic knife. An ultrasonic knife is provided, of the type having asource of ultrasonic vibrations, a knife blade coupled to the source,and a control for selectively causing the source to produce ultrasonicvibrations in the knife blade.

The source is activated to induce reciprocal movement of the knife bladethroughout a predetermined axial stroke amplitude, and the blade iscontacted with the tissue to be cut. The formation of cavitation bubblesis induced in the fluid media surrounding the knife blade, and thecavitation bubbles are thereafter permitted to implode, therebyproducing shockwaves for breaking the tissue bond adjacent the cuttingedge of the knife blade.

Preferably, the inducing formation of cavitation bubbles step isaccomplished by providing the knife blade with a surface texture forcreating cavitation bubbles. In one embodiment, the surface texturecomprises a plurality of rounded spherical or hemisphericalirregularities, having a width within the range of from about 20 micronsto about 100 microns. The surface irregularities may be either pittedrecesses such as by acid etching or other techniques known in the art,or beads adhered to the surface of the blade.

The inducing formation of cavitation bubbles may alone or in addition tothe blade texturing be enhanced by providing a plurality of surfaces onthe cutting edge of the knife, which extend generally perpendicular tothe longitudinal axis of ultrasonic energy propagation through theknife. In a further aspect of the present method, inducing formation ofcavitation bubbles may also be enhanced by modulating the energy drivingthe knife to include at least a first low frequency component forincreasing cavitation, and a high frequency component for minimizing thedepth of penetration of heat generated by the blade into the adjacenttissue.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an ultrasonic knife for conducting wet, cavitation-assistedsurgery, or dry, cauterizing surgical procedures. The knife comprises asource of ultrasonic vibrations, a knife blade coupled to the source,and a control for selectively causing the source to produce ultrasonicvibrations, thereby inducing reciprocal movement of the knife bladethrough a predetermined stroke.

The blade comprises at least two teeth defining a recess therebetween,wherein the distance between the two teeth is no more than about thepredetermined stroke. Preferably, the distance between the two teeth isno more than about 80% of the predetermined stroke. The predeterminedstroke is preferably within the range of from about 0.001 to about 0.002inches, and, most preferably, the predetermined stroke is approximately0.0015 inches.

The width of each of the teeth is within the range of from about 30% toabout 60% of the stroke, and preferably the width of each of the teethis about 50% of the stroke. Preferably, a plurality of teeth areprovided on the blade, extending throughout the cutting surface thereof.

The recess formed between each two adjacent teeth comprises a bottomportion and two sidewall portions, each sidewall portion terminating ina tooth edge at the most lateral extent, and the distance between thebottom of the recess and the tooth edge is within the range of fromabout 20% to about 100% of the stroke. Preferably, the distance betweenthe bottom of the recess and the tooth edge is about 80% of the stroke.

Preferably, the bottom of the recess and sidewalls of the recess mergeto form a generally parabolic shape. Alternatively, the two sidewallsare generally parallel to each other, and generally perpendicular to thebottom of the recess. In general, the two sidewalls and the bottom ofthe recess define a continuous boundary of the recess, and at least aportion of the boundary extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axisof ultrasonic energy propagation through the knife, and at least asecond portion extends generally parallel to the longitudinal axis ofultrasonic propagation energy through the knife.

In a preferred embodiment, in which the thermal footprint of the knifeis minimized, the blade comprises a generally planar body portion havinga proximal connection end and at least one cutting edge thereon, and awidth in a central region thereof which is less than the width at leastone point between the central region thereof and the cutting edge.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a blade for ultrasonic surgery. The blade comprises a generallyplanar body having at least one cutting edge thereon and a longitudinalaxis. A connector couples the body to a source of ultrasonic vibrationswhich oscillates the planar body at a predetermined stroke length. Thecutting edge carries a plurality of teeth formed thereon, each toothcomprises a pair of generally parallel sidewall portions which terminateat a tooth end. The tooth end extends generally perpendicular to thesidewall portions and generally parallel to the longitudinal axis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an ultrasonic knife comprising a source of ultrasonicvibrations. The knife also includes a knife blade coupled to saidsource, the knife blade having a cutting edge which supports a pluralityof teeth having a spacing apart from one another of 10 microns or less.A control selectively causes the source to produce ultrasonic vibrationsto induce reciprocal movement of the knife blade through a predeterminedstroke length. The cutting edge of the knife blade is formed of amaterial having a Rockwell (C) hardness of 55 or greater and an ultimateyield strength generally about four times greater than internal stressesproduced by the ultrasonic vibration in the material. In a preferredembodiment, the material is selected from a group of hard, toughmaterials consisting of diamond, sapphire, and metal/ceramic compositesor coatings.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a blade for ultrasonic surgery comprising a generally planarbody. The body has at least one cutting edge formed by the intersectionof two curved surfaces which extend along a portion of the length of theblade on opposite sides of the planar body. A connector couples the bodyto a source of ultrasonic vibrations such that the planar body of theblade oscillates. In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of teeth areformed on the cutting edge, each tooth having a generally blunt, squaredtip.

In accordance with a preferred method of performing cavitation assistedsurgery utilizing an ultrasonic knife, an ultrasonic knife is providedof the type having a source of ultrasonic vibrations, a knife bladecoupled to the source, and a controller for selectively causing thesource to produce ultrasonic vibrations in the knife blade. The sourceis activated to induce reciprocal movement of the knife blade throughouta predetermined axial stroke amplitude. The knife blade is contactedwith the tissue to be cut, and the formation of cavitation bubbles isinduced in the fluid media surrounding the knife blade. The cavitationbubbles are permitted to implode, thereby producing shock waves whichbreak the tissue bond adjacent the cutting edge of the knife blade. In apreferred method, a cavitation enhancing fluid is introduced at thesurgical site to increase the effects of the cavitation assistedcutting.

In accordance with an additional feature of the present invention, thereis provided a handpiece for an ultrasonic tool. The handpiece includes atransducer to produce ultrasonic vibrations which is interposed betweenan acoustical concentrator and a bulk head. The transducer comprises atleast two piezo-electric washers interposed between a front block and aheel slug. A central bolt passes through aligned holes in the washersand interconnecting the front block and the heel slug to compress thewashers. The central bolt includes an isolation region which extendsproximally beyond an end of the heel slug to support the bulk head at adistance from the heel slug. The isolation region advantageously has across-sectional area no greater than one-tenth of the cross-sectionalarea of the heel slug.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a blade forultrasonic surgery includes a generally planar body having at least onecutting edge thereon. The intersection of at least one curved surfaceand at least one straight surface for the cutting edge. A connector,which is attached to the planer body, couples the body to a source ofultrasonic vibrations which oscillate the planar body. In a preferredembodiment, the cutting edge includes a plurality of teeth. Each toothhas an end formed by the intersection of one of the at least one curvedsurface and one of the at least one straight surface. Each tooth also isarranged so that the curved surface which forms the edge of the toothextends into the blade from a side of the blade opposite that from whichcurved surfaces of adjacent teeth extend into the blade.

Further advantages and features of the present invention will becomeapparent to one of skill in the art from the detailed description ofpreferred embodiment which follows, when taken together with the claimsand drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic of the ultrasonic surgical tool system of thepresent invention;

FIG. 2 is a side view of the preferred cutting blade of the presentinvention;

FIG. 3 is a top view of the blade of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a cross section of an edge of the blade of FIG. 2 along line4--4;

FIG. 4a is an alternative cross-sectional configuration of the bladeedge of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is an enlargement of the teeth of the blade of FIG. 2illustrating the preferred depth and pitch;

FIG. 5a is an alternative tooth configuration as view in cross-section;

FIG. 6 is a top view of the ultrasonic surgical tool of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the ultrasonic surgical tool of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 is a cross section of the ultrasonic surgical tool along lines8--8 of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8a is a cross section of an ultrasonic surgical tool in accordancewith another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a top view of an ultrasonic medical tool of the presentinvention showing a handpiece, an extender and a preferred blade.

FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of the ultrasonic medical toolof FIG. 9 taken along line 10--10 illustrating two junctions of thepresent invention;

FIG. 11 is an exploded partial cross-sectional view of the junctions ofFIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view of one of the junctions of FIG.10, illustrating the generally cylindrical male component on theproximal end of a surgical tool having a pair of splines interrupted bya pair of flats;

FIG. 12a is a cross-sectional view of the junction of FIG. 12 takenalong line 12a--12a;

FIG. 13 is an assembly perspective view of the junction of FIG. 12 witha male component inserted into a female component;

FIG. 14 is an assembly perspective view of the junction of FIG. 13 withthe components rotated to engage corresponding splines of eachcomponent;

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of the junction of FIG. 13 taken alonglines 15--15;

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of the junction of FIG. 14 taken alonglines 16--16;

FIG. 17 is a top view of an ultrasonic medical tool of the presentinvention showing a handpiece, an extender and an alternative flat bladeheld in a split chuck;

FIG. 18 is a side view of the split chuck and collet of FIG. 17 alonglines 18--18;

FIG. 19 illustrates a knife blade carrier in accordance with the presentinvention; and

FIG. 20 is an end elevational view of the blade carrier of FIG. 19.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with the present invention, the improved ultrasonicsurgical tool provides enhanced tactile feedback to the surgeon and maybe adjusted to customize the feedback, depending on the preference ofthe surgeon. Additionally, the ultrasonic tool of the present inventioncan be configured to cut a wide variety of tissues by altering the bladestructure alone, or in combination with the operating mode. It thus isunderstood that the general shape of the present surgical tool can bechanged to be similar to any of the 75 plus conventional shapesavailable from several microtome/sharps manufacturers, which arespecifically designed to cut specific tissue or material type, whilestill incorporating the advantages of the present invention.Incorporation of the invention into known blade configurations will givea normally "static" blade/tool/sharps improved capabilities, asdiscussed below. The following discussion of the invention, however,will focus on an improved cutting tool configuration in combination withthe other aspects of the present invention.

As schematically shown in FIG. 1, an ultrasonic surgical system 24ultimately vibrates a surgical blade 26. The blade 26 couples to anultrasonic transducer (not shown) mounted in a handpiece 28 which isdriven by a control system 30. A surgeon grasps the handpiece 28 andmanipulates the blade 26 within a patient. A cable 32 transmits theultrasonic driving signals from the control system 30 to the transducerwithin the handpiece 28.

Referring to FIG. 2, a preferred embodiment of surgical blade 26 isshown. The blade 26 includes a cutting section 34 at its distal end. Asseen best in FIG. 4, the cross section of the cutting section 34 revealsa central channel or relief 36 formed into each side. The blade 26 issymmetric about a vertical plane through the center. The relief portion36 allows the knife blade 26 to cut through various types of tissue witha minimum thermal footprint. The thermal footprint of a blade includesall the surfaces in contact with the tissue. The blade 26 vibrating atultrasonic frequencies can produce a substantial amount of heat from thefrictional and ultrasonic contact with the tissue. The size of therelief 36, or percentage of area of the blade 26 out of contact with thetissue, directly affects the thermal footprint.

Adjacent the relief 36, tissue contact surfaces 38 extend for a distancegenerally parallel to the plane of the blade 26 towards the edge of theblade 26. In general, the width of each contact surface 38 in this planeis within the range of from about 0.0 to about 0.050 inches, andpreferably within the range of from about 0.015 to about 0.025 inches.

These contact surfaces 38 represent the widest portion of the blade 26along an axis transverse to the plane of the blade and produce asubstantial amount of thermal friction with the tissue. Typically, thethickness of the blade through contact surface 38 is within the range offrom about 0.010 to about 0.050 inches, and preferably within the rangeof from about 0.015 to about 0.025 inches. The size of the contactsurfaces 38 also directly affects the thermal footprint. Smaller contactsurfaces 38 reduce the thermal footprint of the blade 26.

With reference to FIG. 4, the sharpened edge 27 of the blade 26comprises a first taper 40 which is separated from the contact surface38 by a second taper 42. Both the first and second tapers widen in themedial direction.

As illustrated in FIG. 4, the first taper 40 is formed by theintersection of two inclined surfaces 41. Each inclined surface 41tapers from a vertical central axis at a taper angle ranging betweenabout 5° and about 45°, and more preferably between about 15° and about30°. The taper angle most preferably equals about 30°. Consequently, thefirst taper 40 has an included angle ranging between about 10° and about90°, and preferably equals about 60°. It has been determined that taperangles within the above ranges provide a good balance of mechanicalsharpness and hemostatic tissue activity, as discussed below.

It is also understood that the cross-sectional profile of the blade edge27 can be changed to obtain a different balance of these effects. Forinstance, FIG. 4a illustrates an alternative cross-sectional shape of afirst taper 43. In this embodiment, a pair of intersecting curvedsurfaces 47 (preferably concave surfaces) form the first taper 43, thusgiving the first taper 43 a "hollow-ground" shape. Each surfacedesirably has a radius of curvature ranging between about an eighth(1/8) to about ten (10) times the blade thickness, more preferablybetween about a quarter (1/4) to about five (5) times the bladethickness, and most preferably between about a half (1/2) to about two(2) times the blade thickness. The hollow-ground configuration of thefirst taper 43 also has a shorter depth 49, as measured in the directionof the vertical central axis, in comparison to the cross-sectionalprofile of the blade edge 27 illustrated in FIG. 4. The short,hollow-ground profile provides for a sharper cutting edge at the tipwith increased thermal properties directly behind the tip. Of course,the smaller the radii of the curved surfaces, the closer these twoeffects (sharpness and thermal hemostatic activity) are broughttogether.

With reference back to FIG. 4, the second taper 42 desirably rangebetween about 3° and about 45°, and more preferably the taper is about8°. The angles of the tapered portions directly affect the character ofcut and associated drag, or feel, experienced by the surgeon. A shorttaper, such as 45 degrees, would provide a duller blade generating morecavitation, drag and hemostasis. A longer, sharper taper would havesubstantially less tissue differentiation. The blade may have acontinuous, sharp cutting edge as with conventional scalpels, or mayhave serrations or teeth as described below.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a preferred shape of the serrations is shownenlarged. The serrations comprise parabolic-shaped recesses 44 separatedby outwardly protruding teeth 46. As seen in FIG. 5a, the teeth 46 alsocould have an alternate off-set or `set` where the blade includes hollowground teeth. That is, the hollow ground, which forms the teeth, canextend into the blade from only one blade side and can alternate betweenthe sides so as to give the blade edge 27 a wider kerf, as seen in FIG.5a. This would cause additional drag, but also would allow betterself-cleaning of the teeth 46, especially on harder material which tendsto clog teeth.

With reference back to FIG. 5, the teeth 46 desirably are spaced acertain distance apart to result in optimal cutting. Advantageously, theteeth 46 are separated by a distance 46c of less than one longitudinalstroke of the blade 26 to ensure that the tips of at least two teeth 46cross any one point in a single stroke. The spacing 46c of the teeth 46is most preferably at most eight-tenths of the blade stroke so thatevery tissue bond is contacted by at least two teeth 46 during eachstroke, while internal material stresses are minimized.

It is understood that the effect of mechanical cutting increases as thenumber of teeth, which pass over a particular tissue bond during eachstroke, increases. Thus, the finer the teeth spacing for a given strokelength, the greater the effect of mechanical cutting. It has beendetermined that blades formed of an extremely hard material can supportextremely fine teeth while withstanding the resultant internal materialstresses produced by the ultrasonic vibrations at the cutting edge. Forinstance, materials with a Rockwell (C) hardness of 55 or greater cansupport teeth having a spacing between about 1 to 10 microns, andmaterials with a Rockwell (C) hardness of 65 or greater can supportteeth having a spacing closer than 1 micron apart from one another. Thematerial, however, should be selected such that the resultant internalmaterial stresses produced by the acceleration and deceleration of thevibrating material stay below twenty-five percent (25%) of the ultimateyield strength of the material. Examples of suitable materials arediamond, sapphire, and composites formed by a metal base, such as, forexample, aluminum alloy, high carbon stainless steel, or preferablytitanium alloy, coated with a hard coating, such as, for example, aceramic. Preferred examples of suitable ceramics are Tungsten carbide(Rc 74), titanium nitride (Rc 70), silicon-carbide (Rc 70+), aluminumoxide (Rc 78), plasma-chrome oxide (Rc 74) (i.e., chrome oxide appliedby a plasma ion application) hard chrome plating (Rc 65), dense chromeplating (Rc 70), or electroless nickel plating after heat treatment (Rc62).

The advantageous shape of the teeth 46 of the blade 26, shown in FIG. 5,provides an enhanced feel of cut at all times. A straight-edgedultrasonic knife blade will slip through tissue with a substantiallyconstant resistance due to the blade edge being everywhere parallel tothe tissue. Ultimately, the surgeon might apply more pressure thannecessary, without realizing the depth of cut, and sever tissue notintended to be cut.

The contour of the recesses 44 on the ultrasonic blade 26 of the presentinvention changes the angle of the portion of the blade edge whichstrikes the tissue. During light cuts, the surgeon notices littleresistance as bond severing occurs primarily at the tip edges of theteeth 46 parallel to the plane of uncut tissue ahead of the cuttingedge. To provide ample light cutting surfaces, the width 46b of the tipsof the teeth 46 are preferably 30-60% of the stroke amplitude, and mostdesirably the width 46b is 50% of the stroke.

Slightly more pressure results in cutting at the sidewalls 45 of therecesses 44, at least a portion of which is perpendicular to the planeof uncut tissue. The sidewalls 45 extend from the tip 46 of the teeth tothe bottom 44 of the recess a sufficient distance to expose theperpendicular surfaces to the tissue. To ensure this exposure whileretaining some strength for the extending teeth 46, the depth 46a of thesidewalls 45 is 20-100% of the blade stroke amplitude, and preferablythe depth 46a is 80% of the stroke. Where a hollow-ground cutting edge27 is used, it also is understood that if the depth 46a of the tooth 46extends over the full radius of the curved surface 47 of the first taper43, cavitation effects will be increased and thermal effects will bereduced.

An increase in the downward force causes more of the sidewalls 45perpendicular to the tissue, between the teeth 46 to contact the tissue,resulting in a change of resistance due to the increased surface areacontact at a high vector angle. Thus, the surgeon experiences a greaterresistance as the blade 26 is pressed harder into the tissue, and mayadjust accordingly to prevent inadvertent injury to the patient.

The surface texture of the blade 26 directly affects the amount offrictional and ultrasonic heat generation, in addition to the level ofcavitation. Highly polished surfaces tend to slide through the tissuewith minimal friction and associated heat generation and sound transfer.The tapered surfaces 40, 42 and the recessed region 36 are preferablypolished to minimize thermal effects (i.e., thermal transfer) to thetissue. Concurrently, if dry cutting is preferred, the contact surfaces38 may be finished slightly rougher to ensure heat will build up mostlyat this region and increased hemostasis will occur. Alternatively, thesurfaces of the blade 26 may be roughened all over, a saline solutionintroduced at the operative site, and the blade oscillated at preferredrates to minimize thermal effects yet increase the amount of cavitation.Such a situation is seen in brain surgery where a constant stream ofwater, or other coolant fluid, is applied to the incision area, and themajority of the cut is cavitation-assisted.

Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 3, a transition section 48 alters thecross section of the blade 26 from the flat cutting section 34 to agenerally cylindrical portion 50 comprising opposing wrench flats 52.The transition section 48 amplifies the gain of the ultrasonicoscillations. A coupling member 54 adjacent to the cylindrical portion50 mates with an opposite sex coupling member on the distal end of thehandpiece 28 or an extender. Due to the minimum time-constraints imposedby surgery, the coupling members are preferably rapid connect/disconnecttypes described below, with reference to FIGS. 9-16, showing analternative embodiment with an extender 55.

FIGS. 9-11 illustrate two junctions on either end of the extender 55.FIG. 10 shows a partial cross section of the coupling between thehandpiece 28 and the extender 55, and the extender 55 and the blade 26.Of course, it is understood that the coupling between the extender 55and the preferred surgical blade 26 applies equally as well to a directcoupling between the blade 26 and the handpiece 28.

Each junction comprises a generally cylindrical male component 56 and atubular female component 58 comprising a generally cylindrical recess 60adapted to receive the male component 56. These components quicklyconnect by inserting the male component 56 into the female component 58and rotating one component with respect to the other component,preferably through a relatively short rotational arc, and optimallyabout 90°, plus or minus 10°.

Only one junction will be referred to, as the junctions are identical.When joined, the junction produces a relatively high axial compressionforce, which is preferably uniformly distributed symmetrically about thecontact surfaces between the two components to optimize the transfer ofultrasonic energy across the junction. Non-uniform distribution of theaxial compression force about the longitudinal axis of the junctiontends to decrease the efficiency of the transfer of energy across thejunction, and can cause unwanted transverse motion (whipping) and maylead to premature mechanical failure.

Although FIGS. 9 through 14 illustrate the male component 56 extendingin a distal direction, it is understood that the relationship of themale and female components can be reversed.

Referring to FIGS. 9-12, the male component 56 comprises at least twoaxially extending splines 62 spaced apart by at least two axiallyextending flats 64. Preferably, the male component 56 comprises twodiametrically opposed splines 62 and two diametrically opposed flats 64,alternatively positioned around the circumference of the component, asseen in FIG. 12.

Each spline 62 comprises a plurality of external threads 66 preferablyconfigured in accordance with the American National Standard for UnifiedThreads ("UN"). It will be understood that other thread configurations,such as the American National Standard Acme Screw Threads ("Acme"), canbe used as well. It has been found preferable, however, to employ the UNthread design instead of others, such as the Acme thread design,primarily for manufacturing ease.

Advantageously, the thread pitch and the pitch diameter of the threads66 and the length of the splines 62 are selected to produce high axialcompression between the components without structural failure. It isalso preferable to select a generally standard thread for manufacturingconvenience. Additionally, the threads 66 must engage to produce highaxial compression with little rotation. Preferably, circumferentially,75% of the threads 66 engage with rotation of no more than about 90°plus or minus 10°. For example, in one preferred embodiment the splines62 comprise a series of 4-56 UNS-2A threads 66 along a length of 0.215inches, and in another embodiment, the splines 62 comprises a series of5-48 UNF-2A threads 66 along a length of 0.250 inches. In general, thespline 62 preferably comprises about twelve interrupted threads 66.

In general, the junction has a minimum of 45° of total engagementbetween the spline threads 66 to produce the high axial compressionwithout mechanical failure. Preferably, the junction has an engagementbetween about 90° to about 179°, and most preferably about 173° (48% of360°=172.8°). Thus, in a most preferred embodiment, the sum of thelengths of the threads 66 on the male component 56 measured in acircumferential direction preferably range from 90° to 179°, and morepreferably equal 173°.

The circumferential length of each spline thread 66 (i.e., thecircumferential width of each spline) depends upon the number of splines62 employed. For example, in a most preferred embodiment having twosplines 62, the length of the thread 66 in a single spline along thecircumferential direction ranges between 45° and 89.5°, and preferablyequals 86.5°.

The female component 58 likewise comprises at least two axiallyextending splines 68 and at least two axially extending flats 70,disposed on the recess 60 circumference in a corresponding relationshipwith the flats 64 and splines 62 on the male component 56, as best seenin FIGS. 9, 15 and 16. Preferably, the female component 58 comprises twodiametrically opposed splines 68 and two diametrically opposed flats 70alternatively positioned around the circumference of the recess 60, asbest seen in FIG. 15. Each spline 68 comprises a plurality of internalthreads 72 configured to match and engage with the threads 66 on themale component 56.

As discussed above, the sum of the length of the threads 72 around thecircumference of the recess 60 is preferably not less than about 90° andnot greater than about 179°, and most preferably equal 173°. Each splinethread length depends upon the number of splines 68 employed. Forexample, in a most preferred embodiment having two splines 68, thethreads 72 of each spline extend around the circumference of the recess60 for at least approximately 45°, but less than approximately 89.5°,and preferably equal 86.5°.

The two splines 68 and two flats 70 alternately disposed on the interiorcircumference of the female component 58 recess 60 provide an axialkey-way 74 for receiving the two opposing splines 62 on the malecomponent 56, as shown in FIG. 15. The male component 56 is insertedinto the recess 60 of the female component 58 and rotated to interlockthe corresponding splines 62, 68 on the male and female components, asshown in FIG. 16. It is desired that minimum rotation of one componentwith resect to the other component will produce a junction whichachieves a relatively high efficiency of energy transmissiontherethrough.

In general, it has been found that a high compression across thejunction symmetrically distributed about its longitudinal axis optimizesenergy propagation. Preferably, the thread design of the junctionproduces greater than about 100 pounds of axial compression forcebetween the components with rotation of about 90°±10%. More preferably,a compression in excess of about 200 pounds will be achieved. As aresult of higher compression, the ultrasonic pressure wave propagatesacross the junction with minimal energy loss.

It is preferred that the points of contact between the two joinedsurgical components be symmetric about the longitudinal axis of the malecomponent 56 to uniformly distribute the compression force about thejunction in the radial direction. As a result, the ultrasonicoscillation maintains its propagation along the longitudinal axis of thejoined surgical components without deflection from that axis. Ifdeflection occurs, the tool will tend to whip resulting in undesiredheat build-up and loss of energy at the tool tip.

In this regard, the female component 58 preferably additionallycomprises an annular engagement surface 76 on the proximal end thereofwhich contacts a corresponding annular engagement surface 78 of the malecomponent 56. Preferably, the engagement surface 76 of the femalecomponent 58 extends radially outwardly along a plane substantiallyperpendicular the axis of the internal recess 60, and the engagementsurface 78 of the male component 56 extends radially outward along aplane substantially perpendicular to the axis of the male component 56.Referring to FIG. 10, as the splines 62, 68, interlock, the twocomponents draw together to force the engagement surfaces 76, 78,against each other, resulting in an axial compression force across thejunction.

Preferably, the engagement surfaces 76, 78, are smoothly polished toproduce a substantially liquid-tight seal between the components as thesurfaces abut. In addition to optimizing energy propagation, aliquid-tight seal reduces cavitation erosion of the components at thejunction and thereby extends the life of each component.

In a preferred embodiment, the female component 58 additionallycomprises an axially extending, generally cylindrical counterbore 80 atthe distal end of the recess 60 for receiving a generally cylindricalshank barrel 82 on the proximal end of the male component 56. Thecounterbore 80 and the shank barrel 82 are preferably centered withrespect to the longitudinal axis of the male component 56. Preferably,the shank barrel 82 smoothly fits into the counterbore 80 to center thefemale component 58 with respect to the male component 56.

Advantageously, the male component 56 further comprises an undercutregion 84 positioned between the engagement surface 78 and the spline sothat the spline threads 66 are fully formed (i.e., no run-out region).As a result, the splines 62, 68 can be reduced in overall length, aswill be understood in the art.

Referring to FIG. 11, the female component 58 preferably additionallyincludes a generally cylindrical pilot recess 86 for receiving acorresponding generally cylindrical tip barrel 88 at the proximal end ofthe male component 56. Preferably, the diameters of the pilot recess 86and the tip barrel 88 substantially coincide with the minor diameter ofthe threads 72. Advantageously, the pilot recess 86 and the tip barrel88 are centered about the longitudinal axis of the male component 56 foroptimizing the concentricity of the engagement surfaces, between thecomponents to optimize the longitudinal transfer of ultrasonic energythrough the junction.

To facilitate rapid interconnection between the components, the femalecomponent 58 preferably additionally comprises an annular internalchamfer 90 and the male component 56 additionally comprises an annulartip chamfer 92. When the male component 56 is inserted into the femalecomponent 58, the chamfers 90, 92 ease the insertion by funneling thecomponents together. Additionally, the edges of the leading splinethreads 66 of the male component 56 preferably include a chamfer 94 toease the engagement between the splines 62, 68 of the male component 56and female component 58.

Referring to FIGS. 13-16, it is preferred that the surgical componentsinclude alignment arrows 96 etched on the exterior surface of thecomponents to aid in the connection process. By aligning the arrows 96,the splines 62 of the male component 56 align with the key-way 74 of thefemale component 58, as seen in FIGS. 13 and 15. By rotating thecomponents as shown in FIG. 14, the splines 62, 68 of the two componentsinterlock, as shown in FIG. 16. Flat opposing surfaces 98 are providedon the exterior of all parts to receive a wrench to facilitatetightening and untightening of the junctions.

Those skilled in the art can manufacture the disclosed junction byprocesses known in the art. For example, the generally cylindrical malecomponent 56 and the shank barrel 82 thereto can be cut into an end ofthe shank of a surgical component, such as the extender or the tool bit.The threads 66 can either be cold rolled onto the cylinder or preferablymachine cut into the cylinder. The flats 64 can then be milled onto thecomponent thereby interrupting the threads 66. Finally, the tip barrel88 can be cut onto the distal end of the male component 56 such as bylathing operations well known in the art and the chamfers 92, 94,similarly added thereto.

The recess 60 of the female component 58 can be made by drilling thepilot hole recess 86 into the end of a surgical component. Thecounterbore 80 then can be milled and a portion of the pilot hole 86tapped with the appropriate internal threads 72 by processes known inthe art. The flats 70 can be milled and broached into the recess 60thereby interrupting the threads 72 on the recess wall. Finally, theinternal annular chamfer 90 can be drilled or milled to form a smoothtransition from the counterbore 80 to the threaded recess 60.

Referring again to the improved ultrasonic surgical knife system 24 ofFIG. 1, the control system 30 comprises an ultrasonic signal generator100 which supplies an electric impulse to the handpiece 28, the voltageof which can be varied at different frequencies and with differentwave-shapes. The signal may, for example, be a pure sinusoidal wave ormay be modulated with one or more other frequencies. Alternatively, thesignal may be a stepped or spiked pulse. In a preferred embodiment, theultrasonic generator 100 transmits a signal of between 20-80 kHz. Morepreferably, the signal is at about 60 kHz. The signal generator 100includes a liquid crystal or other display device 102 for convenientdisplay of selected power or frequency mode. The signal generator 100may, for example, transmit a constant amplitude signal at a constantfrequency, or alternate one or both of these parameters. The cuttingpower level is normally selected as a percentage of maximum cuttingpower. Although not illustrated in FIG. 1, an audio output indicative ofmode changes and present mode is preferably included which is responsiveto the ultrasonic signal generator output 100.

The signal transmits through a multi-conductor shielded cable 32, forsafety and durability, to the handpiece 28 which imparts ultrasonic,generally longitudinal, movement to the surgical blade 26. As will bedescribed more fully later, high-efficiency piezo-ceramic washers 164(FIG. 7) which generate the ultrasonic vibrations within the handpiece28 (FIG. 7), allow a thin high-flex cable 32 to be used. The electronicsignals are a lower than usual voltage not requiring a thick cable,which gives the surgeon added freedom to maneuver the handpiece 28. Ahigh quality autoclavable connector 106 couples the cable 32 to thesignal generator 100.

Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, the outer protective cover of the handpiece28 generally comprises a nose cone 108, a cylindrical casing 110 and anend cap 112 of durable stainless steel or other corrosion resistantmaterial. Advantageously, the protective cover is stainless steel andthe sections are sealed hermetically, to protect the internal componentsfrom the corrosive fluids of surgery and temperatures in a steamautoclave. The handpiece 28 is preferably about 6 inches long and 1/2inch in diameter.

The distal end of the handpiece 28 is the end proximate the blade 26,and the proximal end is the end proximate the cable 32. An acoustic horn114 transmits standing pressure waves from the piezo-ceramic washers 164to the blade 26. As used herein, the term "horn" means the component ofthe handpiece 28 that functions both as the acoustical concentrator, aswell as the front end of the transducer. A central bolt 116 extendssubstantially the length of the handpiece 28 and provides a centralcoupling member rigidly joining the internal elements, as seen in crosssection in FIG. 8. A heel slug 118 includes internal threads 120 forengagement with external threads 122 of the central bolt 116. The horn114 also includes internal threads 124 which couple with externalthreads 126 on the central bolt 116. The piezo-ceramic washers 164include a central bore 128 sized to fit over the external threads 122 ofthe central bolt 116. The horn 114 and heel slug 118 compress thewashers 164 therebetween via longitudinal movement along the centralbolt threads 122, 126. The piezo-ceramic washers 164, in combinationwith portions of both the horn 114 and heel slug 118, comprise anelectromechanical transducer, converting electrical energy to mechanicalpressure waves.

A rear annular bulkhead 130 is silver soldered to the rear of thecentral bolt 116 and supports the outer casing 110 at the proximal endof the handpiece 28. The interface between the outer circumference ofthe bulkhead 130 and cylindrical casing 110 provides a hermetic seal anda solid ground connection. Additionally, an O-ring 132 disposed betweena front flange of the horn 114 and the nose cone 108 provides afluid-tight interface. The piezo-ceramic washers 164, and all otherinternal components shown in FIG. 8 between the seals 130, 132, are thusenclosed within the cylindrical casing in a fluid-tight manner allowingthe handpiece 28 to be immersed in a steam autoclave without harm.

The horn 114 comprises generally three sections, a cross-sectionallyenlarged section 134, a transition section 136 and a narrow section 138(see FIG. 7). The narrow section 138 at the distal portion of the horn114 includes a female junction component 140 adapted to receive a malejunction component (not shown) of a surgical blade 26, or other surgicalcomponent. The mechanical energy which is produced by the piezo-ceramicwashers 164 propagates along the horn 114 and amplifies at thetransition section 136.

As is well known in the art, decreasing the cross section of a structuretransmitting longitudinal pressure waves increases the stroke, i.e.,produces a positive gain in longitudinal oscillation. A stepped hornproduces a gain which is approximately equivalent to the ratio of thelarger area to the smaller area of the horn 114, while a more gradualchange in diameter produces a gain equivalent only to the ratio of thediameters. Moreover, the location of the cross-sectional changes alongthe structure affects the degree of gain produced, as described below.

Thus, by adjusting the change in cross section of the horn 114, theshape of the dimensional transition, and the location of the dimensionaltransition, a specific gain may be obtained to tailor the stroke of theblade 26 for optimum performance. Preferably the gain achieved by thetransition section 136 works in conjunction with a transition section ofthe blade 26 to produce an optimum longitudinal amplitude at the bladetip. The longitudinal amplitude of the blade 26 is preferably between0.00025 and 0.004 inches peak-to-peak, and more preferably 0.0025 inchespeak-to-peak at 60 kHz, reducing the chance of material failure andcontrolling the energy for a fixed thermal footprint.

The piezo-ceramic washers 164 remain in a stationary, compressed statebetween the horn 114 and the heel slug 118 and thus occupies a node of astanding wave created along the heel slug-washer-horn combination. Atthe nodes of vibration there is no motion but maximum stress. Nodes arespaced exactly one half wavelength apart and thus from the piezo-ceramicwashers 164, nodes occur every half wavelength down the horn 114 (e.g.,front transition 136).

Anti-nodes are points of absolute maximum amplitude, experience thelargest longitudinal movement and the least stress, and are located 1/4wavelength from each node. The closer the location of thecross-sectional change 136 to a node of vibration, the greater the gainrealized, because the ultrasonic energy is stored as internal potentialat these points, as opposed to kinetic energy at the anti-nodes.

The elongated, cylindrical horn 114 preferably includes one stepconcentrator to tailor the gain to cause a preferred blade 26 tofunction optimally; i.e., to preferably stroke from 0.00025 to 0.004inches, peak-to-peak, and more preferably at 0.0025 inches, peak-to-peakat 60 kHz. The small stroke advantageously reduces internal stresses inthe horn 114 and blade 26 and thus reduces the chance of materialfailure.

The proximal end of the horn 114 defines an aperture leading to acentral cylindrical cavity 142 sized to receive the distal end of thecentral bolt 116. The cavity 142 includes internal threads 124 whichmate with external threads 126 on the central bolt 116. The cavity 142extends axially in the distal direction, past the internal threads 124,and ends at a chamfered portion 144. The central bolt 116 includesopposing axial flats 119 for a wrench-assisted insertion into the cavity142.

The majority of the enlarged section 134 comprises a solid cylinder tooptimize ultrasonic energy propagation. The horn 114 is thus preferablyconstructed of a high strength material which efficiently propagatesultrasonic energy. More preferably, the horn 114 is constructed oftitanium. The enlarged section 134 desirably has a length equal toapproximately a half wavelength, with an anti-node positioned generallyat the longitudinal center of the enlarged section 134. In this manner,the front half of the enlarged section 134 forms part of the acousticalconcentrator, while the back half forms the front end of the transducer.

The distal portion of the horn 114 includes a female coupling portion140, as described above. The distal portion of the horn 114 additionallycomprises a central lumen 146 extending proximally from the femalecoupling 140 preferably throughout the length of the narrow section 138.The lumen 146 extends slightly past the transition section 136. Thelumen 146 assists in amplifying the ultrasonic energy propagated downthe horn 114. As described previously, pressure waves crossing areduction in the cross-sectional area of a structure experience a gain.The lumen 146 defines a tubular section at the distal portion of thehorn 114, further reducing the cross-sectional area of the material ofthe narrow section 138.

In an alternative embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 8a, the lumen 146aextends entirely through the handpiece 28a. For ease of understanding,like reference numerals with a prime mark (') have been used to indicatelike parts between the two embodiments. The lumen 46' extends co-axiallywith the longitudinal axis of the horn 114' and the central bolt 116'and through the end cap 112'. The end cap 112' desirably is adapted toreceive a tube coupling to couple the lumen 146' with a fluid tubing. Italso is contemplated that the blade/tool/sharps bit coupled to theultrasonic handpiece 28' likewise would include an internal lumen, whichwould communicate with the central lumen 146' of the handpiece 28' whencoupled to the handpiece distal coupling 140'. In this manner, thecentral lumen 146' may be used either for irrigation or aspiration.

With reference back to FIG. 8, the overall length of the "horn" 114 for60 kHz is preferably less than about 2.5 inches, and more preferably thelength of the horn 114 is 2.40 inches. The horn 114 is sized so that thefront coupling junction 140 experiences a minimum of stress from beingpositioned close to an anti-node of vibration. The transition section136 is desirably 10:1 or greater, and more preferably less than 0.75 ofan inches from the farthest front portion of the horn 114, and moredesirably the transition section is 0.600 inches from the front of thehorn 114. The enlarged section 134 has a diameter of no more than 1/2inch to fit comfortably in the hand of a surgeon, and more preferablythe diameter of the enlarged section is 0.425 inch. Advantageously, theinside diameter of lumen 146 in the narrow section 138 of the horn 114is less than about 0.1 inches to provide a sufficient wall thickness ofthe frontal section to minimize stress failure. More preferably, thediameter of the lumen 146 is about 0.07 inches. The outer diameter ofthe narrow section 138 of the horn 114 is preferably no more than about0.25 inches, and more preferably the outer diameter of the narrowsection is 0.125 inches. Advantageously, an exterior annular flange 150at a position proximal to the transition section 136 provides a shoulderagainst which the O-ring 132 abuts. The nose cone 108 of the outer covercompresses the O-ring 132 rearward against the flange 150 in asemi-rigid manner, and in a fluid tight manner between the insidediameter of the tubing 110 and the outside diameter of the horn 114.

Referring to the cross-sectional view of FIG. 8, the length of thecentral bolt 116 is shown. The central bolt 116 comprises a solid,generally cylindrical metallic rod with a chamfer 152 at the distal endof a distal cylindrical portion 154. The distal cylinder 154 fits in thedistal cavity 142 of the horn 114, as previously described. The distalchamfer 152 bottoms out at the internal chamfer 144, providing a flushstop for the central bolt-horn interface, thus more efficientlytransmitting ultrasonic energy.

The distal thread region 126 separates the cylindrical portion 154 froma middle cylindrical region 156. The threads 126 are preferably 0.2inches from the front of the central bolt 116, and the proximal sectionof threads 122 is located 1.4 inches further rearward. Preferably, thethreads 126 are 10-56UNS-2A type threads, and configure to meet withsimilar internal threads 124 of the horn 114.

The middle cylindrical portion 156 extends through the central bore 128of the piezo-ceramic washers 164. The washers 164 slide along the middleportion 156 to abut the horn 114 adjacent the distal threads 126 of thecentral bolt 116. The distal axial face of the washers 164 and proximalaxial face of the horn 114 lie flush against a thin annular spacer 170therebetween to optimize transmission of ultrasonic vibrational energy.

The proximal thread region 122 separates the middle region 156 from acylindrical heel slug receiving portion 158. The bolt 116 terminates ina reduced diameter isolation region 160 and a rear bulk head supportshaft 162. The rear thread 122 region is adapted to receive the heelslug 118. As stated previously, the heel slug 118 threads onto thecentral bolt 116, compressing the piezo-ceramic washers 164 against thehorn 114. The rear-most portion of the heel slug 118 terminates at thetransition of the central bolt 116 to the isolation region 160. Thelarge change in diameter between the heel slug 118 and the isolationregion 160 causes the isolation region 160 to tend to vibrate at its ownnatural frequency, interfering with sound propagation at the fundamentalfrequency in this direction. The ratio between the cross-sectional areasof the heel slug 118 to the isolation region 160 desirably is 10:1 orgreater, and more preferably is 25:1 or greater. This abruptcross-sectional area change in the transducer configuration causes lessthan 5 percent loading on the overall handpiece 28 to essentiallyisolate the handpiece 28 from the produced vibrations. In this manner,little ultrasonic energy is propagated rearward.

In addition, the additional 1/4 wavelength length of the bulk headsupport shaft 162 on one side, and the isolation region 160 of a lengthless than 1/4 wavelength--preferably about 1/16 to about 1/8wavelength--on the other side forces the bulkhead 130 to be anartificial or virtual node (a node and an anti-node separated by lessthan λ/4). The 1/4 wavelength length of the bulk head support shaft 162thus functions as a terminal resonator which is desirably tuned toreflect vibrations in phase with the vibrations propagating from thedistal side of the piezo-ceramic washers 164 down the horn 114 and theattachments thereto (e.g., extender(s), tool/blade/sharp bit, etc.).This reinforces the stability of the bulkhead 130 location and minimizesany loading of the handpiece when the bulk head 130 is silver solderedto the central bolt 116 and the inside diameter of the tube 110.

The combination of the cross-sectional area ratio between the heel slug118 and the isolation region 160 of the central bolt 116, the locationof this area reduction at an anti-node, the one-quarter wavelengthlength of the bulk head support shaft 162, and the overall configurationprovides good acoustical isolation (i.e., 5 percent or lesstransmission), good electrical conductivity between the components ofthe handpiece for a good ground path, and good mechanical stability(i.e., torque resistance) to prevent the horn 114 from rotating whencoupling a tool/blade/sharp to the distal coupling end 140. In addition,where the central lumen 146' extends through the entire handpiece 28'(see FIG. 8a), this integral construction provides a uniform,continuous, low-resistance flow path between the proximal and distalends of the handpiece 28'.

The material of the thin annular washers 164 is a piezo-ceramic compoundof lead-titanate and zirconium titanate. Advantageously, two to eightwashers 164 may be utilized, depending on the strength of vibrationdesired, and preferably there are two washers 164. These washers 164include central bores 128 to fit over the middle cylindrical region 156of the central bolt 116. The central bore 128 passes over the rearthreads 122, and an insulating material 168 is wrapped around thecentral region 156 to fill the annular void formed and hold the washerscentered on the bolt 116.

Two very thin annular spacers 170 separate the piezo-ceramic washers 164from the horn 114 and heel slug 118, and distribute the compressiveforces evenly. A layer of electrically insulating material 166 coversthe washers 164 and isolates them from the outer casing 110 of thehandpiece 28. An air gap 172 between the insulating layer 166 and thecasing 110 provides effective thermal and acoustical isolation from theouter casing. Preferably, the air gap 172 is approximately 0.017 inches,which has been found to reduce the radiation of internal heat to theouter casing 110. A "hot" electrode 174a and a ground electrode 174bconnect to the appropriate piezo-ceramic washer 164 to effectuatemechanical vibrations. The electrodes 174 extend proximally from thepiezo-ceramic washers 164 within the air gap 172. The "hot" electrode174a passes through a small passage 176 in the bulkhead 130 and fromthere to the rear end cap 112 and a "hot" circuit of the connector 106of the cable 32. The ground electrode 174b connects directly to thebulkhead 130 which is in electrical contact with the ground circuit ofthe connector 106.

As is well known in the art, piezo-ceramic materials produce mechanicalvibrations upon excitation by an applied voltage. This mechanicalvibration is caused by changes in the internal structure when under theinfluence of the external voltage. The piezo-ceramic washers 164 areheld under compression between the horn 114 and the heel slug 118.Preferably, the compression of the piezo-ceramic washers 164 is between500 and 5000 psi, and most preferably about 1500 psi.

Aligning the washers so that the positive side of one abuts the positiveside of another causes the washers to oppose each other's motion, and ineffect double their amplitude vibrations. Such piezo-ceramic washers 164held in compression are restricted from thickening; their internalstresses are transmitted to the surrounding compressive members in theform of pressure waves. The preferred piezo-ceramic configuration is a"Langevin sandwich" design.

As the waves propagate along the horn 114 and heel slug 118, thepotential strain energy converts to kinetic energy and back, due to thewave-like nature of the signal. The heel slug 118 and adjacent isolationregion of the central bolt 116 tend to reflect the vibratory motion withsome losses (damping) while the excellent energy transmittal propertiesof the titanium horn 114 propagates the vibrations directly to the blade26 with minimal losses. The washers are thus aligned and compressedbetween the heel slug 118 and the transducer/horn 114. The compressionof the piezo-ceramic washers 164 results in standing pressure wavespropagated down the horn 114 and reflected back.

As stated previously, the piezo-ceramic washers 164 preferably occupy anode of vibration and other nodes appear approximately one-halfwavelength later (if the material or cross section does not change) andevery half wavelength subsequently. Anti-nodes are located approximately1/4 wavelength between the nodes and experience the largest longitudinalmovement and the least stress. At 60 kilohertz, each 1/2 wavelengthequals approximately 1.6 inches in the preferred titanium horn 114. Thehorn 114 is machined so that the transition region 136 desirablyoccupies a node. In addition, the coupling region 140 at the frontportion of the horn 114 is preferably placed close to an anti-node toreduce the stress of the coupling. Thus, locations of the transitionregion 136 and the front coupling region 140 are multiples or fractionsof the preferred 1/2 wavelength of 1.6 inches.

The heel slug 118 is preferably fabricated from tool steel or stainlesssteel. A central bore 178 extends through the heel slug 118 and includesinternal threads 120 at the rear (proximal) end. The heel slug 118 alsocomprises two opposing wrench flats 180 at the rear end.

The parameters of the blade 26 may be altered, or the ultrasonic signalmay be varied, to customize the type and character of incision desired.As stated previously, higher frequency surgical knives tend to propagateenergy shorter distances into surrounding tissue and thus propagatethermal effects to less depth. At times though, some thermal effect onthe tissue is desirable, especially when dry cutting. Modulating a highfrequency signal with a substantially lower carrier frequency allows thesurgeon to nominally retain the advantageous features provided at highfrequencies (hemostasis) while periodically applying a lower frequencyto effectuate some increased degree of cavitation. At lower frequenciesthere is more drag, and thus more feel and tissue differentiation.Adjusting the modulating frequency to decrease the periods of highfrequency results in more feel, and thus the surgeon may selectablyalter the response of the surgical blade 26 to different types oftissue. In a preferred embodiment, the surgical blade 26 of the presentinvention is vibrated at 60 kHz with a modulating frequency of between10 and 10,000 Hz, and a preferred frequency of 600 Hz. This is aconcession to ergonomics only. Loud, audible frequencies above 600 Hzare more irritating; otherwise, the modulation frequencies of choice tomaximize cavitation would be about 5 to about 25 kHz, with about 10 toabout 15 kHz the more preferred and about 10 kHz the most preferred.

Referring now to FIGS. 17 and 18, a split chuck 182 connects with anextender which couples with the handpiece 28 in an alternate form of thepresent invention. The split chuck 182 is shown in greater detail inFIG. 18. The split chuck 182 includes a forward slot 184 which receivesa flat surgical cutting blade 186. The blade 186 is placed within theslot 184 and a collet 188 threads over the chuck 182 to tighten theblade within the chuck. Chuck 182 is provided with opposing wrench flats190 to tighten the chuck in the handpiece 28, or an extender, with awrench.

Advantageously, the extenders allow the handpiece of the presentinvention to be remain external to the body while the blade extendswithin a catheter, trocar sheath, or endoscope lumen forendoscopically-assisted surgery. The extenders possess excellent sonictransmission properties with minimal losses at the interfaces.Additionally, the rapid connect/disconnect coupling feature allows rapidchanging of extenders, blades and chucks. Preferably, the presentinvention may be used endoscopically with a 4 millimeter catheteropening. Preferably, extenders allow surgery at a depth of as much as 24inches from the handpiece 28.

Referring to FIG. 19, there is disclosed a blade carrier 195 inaccordance with a further aspect of the present invention. Blade carrier195 facilitates handling of the ultrasonic surgical blade in a sterileenvironment prior to installation on an ultrasonic handpiece. Inaddition, the use of the blade carrier 195 minimizes the risk ofinadvertent blade sticks during handling and installation, removal, anddisposal of the blade.

Blade carrier 195 generally comprises a blade housing having a bladeconnector end 196, and a blade tip end 198. The overall length of theblade carrier 195 is preferably about 2.5 inches. Blade cavity 200 isdisposed therebetween, for receiving the sharp end of the blade. Theconnection end of the blade, which may be threaded or provided withother quick connection/disconnection means previously disclosed,projects from the blade cavity 200 axially through the open channel 204and out the open end 210. The open channel 204 is provided with a pairof opposing surfaces 206 and 208 for frictionally engaging the wrenchflats on the connector end of a blade, as has been previously described.Referring to FIG. 20, opposing surfaces 206 and 208 can be more clearlyseen. In a preferred embodiment, projections 209 and 211 areadditionally provided for retaining the connection end of the bladewithin the open channel 204.

The blade cavity 200 is a shallow flat or rounded bottomed recess,having a length dimension 201 of about 1.5 inches and a width dimension202 of about 0.50 sufficient to accommodate a variety of bladeconfigurations. In general, blades contemplated to be utilized with theultrasonic knife in accordance with the present invention have a cuttingedge length within the range of from about 0.5 inches to about 1.5inches. In addition, the width along the plane of the blade varieswithin the range of from about 0.030 inches to about 0.40 inches formost applications. Specialty blades, for unique applications, may varyconsiderably from the foregoing ranges.

The blade carrier 195 is provided at its blade tip end 198 with a knob212. Knob 212 comprises a generally cylindrical body, preferably havinga diameter of about 0.50 inches, and length of about 0.5 inches, havingfriction enhancing structures such as knurling on the radially exteriorwall thereof. The axis of knob 212 is aligned with the axis extendingthrough the open channel 204. In this manner, the clinician can spin theknob 212 between two fingers to threadably engage the connector on theknife with the corresponding connector on the ultrasonic handpiece orextender as discussed below.

The blade carrier 195 is preferably also provided with a pair ofopposing wings 214 and 216 to provide leverage for rotating the bladecarrier to tighten the connection between the blade and the ultrasonicknife, extender, or handpiece. Preferably, the overall width of thecarrier through the wings 214, 216 is about 1.2 inches. As has beenpreviously discussed, the typical connection between the knife tip andthe handpiece is a rotatably engageable connection. For example, withthe quick connect and disconnect embodiment previously disclosed, theblade is inserted onto the handpiece or the connector by an axialadvancement and then the blade is tightened by rotating the bladethrough an angle of approximately 90°. In an alternate embodiment, theblade is simply threaded onto the handpiece or connector by rotatingthrough a series of complete revolutions. In either embodiment, theblade must be appropriately rotationally tightened into the handpiece orextender.

For this purpose, the opposing surfaces 206 and 208 and a hinge region207 therebetween are preferably molded from a material having a suitableresilience that the rotation of the blade carrier 195 will rotate theblade contained therein until the blade is suitably tightened againstthe handpiece or extender. Further rotation of the blade carrier 195will cause the opposing surfaces 206 and 208 to spread slightly,permitting relative rotation between the blade carrier 195 and the bladecontained therein. The clinician simply rotates the blade carrier 195until the assembly "snaps" or starts to cam over. In this manner, apredetermined predictable and repeatable amount of torque within therange of from about 0.50 to from about 80.0 inch-lbs., preferably about3.0 inch-lbs., can be applied during installation of the blade. Wings214 and 216 provide both a friction surface and leverage for theclinician to use to rotate the blade carrier 195 during installation.Following sufficient tightening of the blade, the blade carrier 195 issimply pulled laterally away from the tip of the blade and discarded, orsaved, to be reinstalled at the end of surgery and then discarded with"sharps."

The blade carrier 195 may be constructed in any of a variety of wayswhich will be well known to one of skill in the art. For example, theentire blade carrier may be integrally molded such as by injectionmolding, thermo forming or vacuum forming of a pre-formed sheet ofplastic. Alternatively, the blade carrier 195 can be fabricated frompremolded component parts, such as by premolding the blade connectionend 196 and the knob 212. The main body of the blade carrier 195 ispreferably stamped or molded from a sheet of plastic, and may bethereafter secured to the blade connector end 196 and knob 212 usingthermal bonding, solvent bonding, ultrasonic welding or other techniquesknown in the art.

Alternatively, some or all of the blade carrier 195 can be formed froman appropriate metal sheet, and preferably thereafter provided with anappropriate plastic coating. In general, the construction of the bladecarrier 195 is of appropriate materials that will permit sterilizationof the assembly of the blade carrier 195 with a blade therein. The bladecarrier 195 and blade are thereafter introduced into a sealed packet orpouch for sterilization and shipment.

Problems associated with ultrasonic surgery can be generally classed intwo categories. The first category would be the effect on the livingtissue on either side of the cut. Excess heat generation, tearing oftissue or inadvertent cutting of nearby anatomical structures are allproblematic to ultrasonic surgery. The second category of problems is arelative lack of operator comfort, flexibility and feedback.

In ultrasonic surgery, the knife blade may oscillate at anywhere withinthe range of from about 1 kHz to about 100 kHz. Typically, however,frequencies of lower than about 23 kHz are not used because they arewithin the audio range. In addition, frequencies in excess of about 50or 60 Khz produce an increased amount of localized heating along thetissue contacting sides of the blades.

For relatively low frequencies, e.g., below about 20 or 30 kHz, highcarbon steel or stainless steel is an appropriate construction materialfor the ultrasonic knife blades of the present invention. However,frequencies in excess of about 30 kHz, which are considered relativelyhigh, are preferably used in conjunction with ultrasonic knife bladesmade from or coated with titanium, aluminum, or other metals or alloyswhich will transmit ultrasonic energy efficiently, with less internalheating.

Approximately 50% of the heat is produced from sound absorption in thesurrounding tissue, 25% produced from internal frictional heating of theblade itself, and 25% produced by friction of the blade and tissue. Attimes, heat is preferred if a hemostatic nature of cut is desired.Hemostasis is the coagulation or formation of white gelatinous substanceat the sides of the cut, and is commonly referred to as "bloodlesssurgery." At temperatures above 65° C. (149° F.), proteins in humantissue are denatured, producing coagulation. Although in some instanceshemostasis is desirable, the increased temperatures involved inultrasonic surgery potentially increase the likelihood of denaturingprotein in tissue and can produce localized thermal damage, or necrosis,to the tissue surrounding the incision.

As mentioned above, sound absorption into the surrounding tissuecomprises the majority of heat generation in ultrasonic surgery.Ultrasonic surgical instruments propagate pressure waves down the bladeand into the surrounding tissue. At the interface of the blade materialand the tissue, there is an impedance mismatch, causing the sound wavesto dampen or "deaden" as they attempt to propagate further into thetissue. The energy absorbed by the damping characteristics of the tissueis converted to heat. Preferably, the ultrasonic energy does notpropagate far into the tissue, to limit the effect the heat produces. Itis well known that higher frequency, shorter wavelength signalsdissipate faster and in shorter distances in elastic material, such asbiological tissue, and therefore would appear to be favorable to limitthe depth of thermal effects.

A smaller percentage of the total heat produced in an ultrasonicsurgical procedure occurs from internal frictional heating of the knifeblade. In general, the construction material of the surgical bladedetermines the level of internal friction, and potentially damagingheat. Stainless steel, for example, is a relatively inefficientconductor of acoustic energy, and a lot of internal friction results.Stainless steel used at frequencies above about 20 kHz can get very hot.The titanium used for the present surgical blade 26 on the other hand isan excellent conductor of acoustic energy and may be used at the highestfrequency contemplated (60 kHz) with a minimum heat buildup, especiallyif caused to start and stop vibrating intermittently. However, as statedpreviously, some heating may be necessary if bloodless surgery isdesired.

Sharp surgical blades oscillating at ultrasonic frequencies can tend tofall through living tissue, much like a hot knife through butter.Conversely, a duller knife, or one which has low or no ultrasonicassistance, requires a greater amount of force, and more subsequenttearing of the tissue occurs. Such slower cutting, which may result inmore scarring, may be desirable when performing surgery proximate vitalorgans so that the surgeon can feel the blade advancing through thetissue and more carefully continue. Ultimately, ultrasonic surgeryresults in the breaking of living tissue bonds which are of varyingstrengths. The present invention addresses this issue and provides thesurgeon with multitudes of configurations of blades, depending on thetype of cut desired.

The second category of problems associated with ultrasonic surgicaltools are those relating to the lack of operator control of, and poorergonomics of, the instruments. First, there has been a lack ofunderstanding of the tactile feedback necessary to carefully resectdifferent types of living tissues with one particular knife. Asdiscussed above, a very sharp knife might be desirable, for instance incosmetic surgery, but provide the surgeon with little or no feedback ofthe type of tissue the knife is cutting through. Conversely, a knifewith lots of drag may provide feedback, but may have a substantialreduction in the quality of cut desired. Additionally, the amount offeedback desired is a subjective determination by the individualsurgeon. A more experienced surgeon would tend to require less feedbackthan a novice. The amount of heat generated is another critical controlparameter, previously addressed by simply altering the thermal footprintof the blade. Another phenomenon associated with ultrasonic surgery isthe formation of cavitation bubbles in the region proximate the surgicalblade. Control of the amount of cutting from mechanical shearing of thetissue bonds, as opposed to that from cavitation-assisted cutting, hasnot previously been addressed.

Cavitation occurs when the local pressure in a fluid decreases below thevapor pressure of that fluid. Local voids or vacuum pockets, in effect,are created which then tend to implode violently upon an increase inpressure. Objects moving rapidly through a fluid can induce suchcavitation in their wakes by abrupt changes in fluidic pressure, as isknown in the art of fluid dynamics. Ultrasonically oscillating surgicalblades have a tendency to cavitate in the bodily fluids surrounding anincision. In addition, normal saline or other fluids can be supplied toa surgical site to enhance normal cavitation. The saline or irrigationsolution desirably includes a biocompatible element to introducemicro-weaknesses in the solution. Carbonate salts, dissolved gases, andother compounds or particulates can be suspended or dispersed in thesolution as the biocompatible element. The presence of such elementslowers the energy threshold requirements for effective cavitation. Forinstance, an effective power cavitation threshold can be reached at 40kHz with a 0.0012-inch peak-to-peak stroke length in a well-filtered,degassed irrigation solution. With an enhanced salt solution (i.e., anincreased amount of biocompatible carbonate salts), the power thresholdcan be lowered to produce a 0.0006-inch peak-to-peak stroke length whileobtaining effective cavitation. At lower frequencies, e.g., below about20 to 30 kHz, ultrasonic knives tend to create a cavitationemulsification layer which nominally provides better lubrication for theknife blade, and tends to minimize the effects of heat transfer to thesurrounding tissue.

The amount of cavitation plays a major role in the characteristics ofthe final cut. The implosion of cavitation "bubbles" can be detrimentalto the micro-surface of the surgical instrument, but also can assist thecutting action by breaking tissue bonds at the same time. The physics ofthe formation of cavitation bubbles is such that the temperature attheir surface can reach 5000° F. This intense but highly localizedenergy is converted to the kinetic energy of a shock wave uponimplosion. The result is that the knife tends to "blow through" thetissue and the energy which would have been converted to thermaltransfer to the surrounding tissue is used for cutting. In someinstances cavitation primarily, in conjunction with some hemostaticaction, is a preferred cutting method.

The present invention addresses the aforementioned problems associatedwith ultrasonic surgery in terms of varying the characteristics of theincision and providing the surgeon with proper feedback and flexibilityof use. The surgeon has a wide range of blade configurations andoperating modes to best perform a particular procedure to his or herpreference. The tactile feedback and cutting options available with thepresent ultrasonic surgical blade are a major improvement over priorinstruments.

The amount of heat generated and propagated into the surrounding tissueis controlled by the shape of the preferred blade 26. The area of thecontact surfaces 38 can be widened to increase the heat generation fromsonic and conductive energy transfer. This is desirable in regionscontaining numerous blood vessels to induce hemostasis. Similarly, theangle of the tapers 40, 42 affects the magnitude of thermal footprint ofthe blade 26. A large portion of the cross-section of the blade 26 incontact with the tissue being cut is removed by the formation of therelief 36. These parameters can be cohesively managed to provide a widerange of incision characteristics. For example, cosmetic surgeryrequires the sharpest blade with minimal thermal damage to minimizescarring. Alternatively, a sharp blade with more heat generation mayrequire a similar blade tip with more contact surface and less relief inthe central portion. The hollow-ground blade edge also brings these twoeffects closer together to provide a very sharp knife with substantialheat generation directly behind the cutting edge for increasedhemostatic tissue activity. The various shapes of the current blade 26contemplate an infinite number of functional combinations.

Another factor in heat generation is the surface texture of the blade 26surfaces. Smoother surfaces result in less frictional resistance thanrougher ones. Roughening the surface texture of the contact surfaces 38,while highly polishing the tapers 40, 42 and relief portions 36, resultsin some increase in heat generation, which can be customized for thetype of tissue involved. Surface textures can be modified by eitherpolishing an existing surface or roughening the existing surface of theblade. Minimal surface friction will be incurred in a blade having ahighly polished surface such as an RMS of 1 or 2. RMS, orroot-mean-square, is a proportionate term generally referring to thestatistical average of the sizes of irregularities. Practically,however, polishes of this degree are difficult to produce on theconstruction material utilized for surgical blades. Relatively roughareas of the surgical blades disclosed herein are contemplated to havean RMS of about 63. This level of roughening can be accomplished byprocessing the knife blade with glass beading, chemical etching, orother techniques which will be known to one of skill in the art.Preferably, a random sized distribution of bumps or pockets within therange of from about 20 to about 400 micron are utilized when operatingin an ultrasonic frequency range of about 20 kHz. The bumps or pocketsare preferably rounded or hemispherical in shape, to improve longevityunder ultrasonic vibration conditions, and to minimize fragmentation andleaving parent material behind.

It is understood that the size of the irregularities or micro cavitiesin the cutting edge surface can be decreased in size if the knife isintended for operation in a higher frequency range. For instance, ifoperated in an ultrasonic frequency range of about 40 kHz, theirregularities can have sizes ranging between about 10 to about 200microns, and if operated in a frequency range of about 60 kHz, theirregularities can have sizes ranging between about 5 to about 100microns. At higher frequencies (e.g., 100 kHz), the irregularities sizescan be smaller (e.g., 1.0 micron or less).

A further parameter influencing the amount of thermal generation is thefrequency and mode of oscillations. The control system 30 of the presentinvention allows for complete flexibility for the surgeon to alter theoscillation character. As is known, a higher frequency surgical bladetends to transfer less thermal energy to a greater depth via soundpropagation to the surrounding tissue but has higher internal heat ofblade and at the interface of blade and tissue. The control system 30provides a means for modulating such an advantageous frequency withlower frequencies to provide some drag, or tactile feedback, to thesurgeon, and increase effective cavitation.

Other combinations of frequencies and waveforms can be generated by thecontrol system 30 to tailor the oscillations of the blade 26 to theparticular surgical environment. For instance, as discussed above, boththe amplitude and the frequency of a signal driving the blade can bemodulated to produce effective heating and cavitation cutting. By way ofan example, the amplitude of a base signal (e.g., 60 kHz) can bemodulated between about 5% and about 100% of its peak amplitude. Thatis, the control system 30 steps the amplitude of the base signal betweenabout 5% and about 100% of the peak amplitude. (As noted above, the peakamplitude of the driving signal is selected to produce the desiredstroke length of the blade). The period between modulations desirablycan be as low as 600 Hz and as high as 15 kHz. During periods of peakamplitude, the base signal also can be modulated with a high frequency(e.g., 90 kHz). As discussed above, the modulation of the base signalwith a high frequency provides excellent heating effects at theknife/tissue interface for tissue hemostatic activity, while amplitudemodulation of the base signal at a low frequency increases cavitationformation to assist cutting.

The present invention also identifies and presents solutions to theproblems of feedback and individual surgeon needs. The advantageousshape of the serrations of the present blade 26 transfer resistanceforces more efficiently to the hand of the surgeon. Providing surfacesperpendicularly vectored to the tissue means that more resistance isencountered from an increase in the pressure of cut. Reducing the strokeof the blade and spacing the teeth 46 of the blade 26 so that at leasttwo teeth 46 encounter a specific tissue bond on each stroke reduces theinternal stresses on the knife as well as the magnitude of vibrations ofthe handpiece, while ensuring a clean and effective cut.

Another benefit of the ultrasonic surgical system 24 of the presentinvention is the ability to manage the amount of cavitation generated.Cavitation minimizes thermal energy penetration into the surroundingtissue by converting the transient shock wave energy into a cuttingaction. The dynamic feedback associated with cavitation-assisted cuttingprovides enhanced tissue differentiation, as the stronger, more elastic,bonds holding such anatomical structures as blood vessels togetherrequire more energy to break than does the surrounding tissue. Thefeedback from cavitation cutting, in effect, increases the surgeon'sfeel for changes in drag felt when cutting from weak to tough tissue, asopposed to the coarse changes in feedback from simply mechanicallyshearing the same tissue layers.

Control of the various parameters of the present invention allows thesurgeon to select the amount of cavitation produced. The primary factorfor changing the amount of cavitation at a fixed frequency and a uniformsaline solution is the surface texture of the blade 26 surfaces.Smoother surfaces result in less frictional resistance than rougher onesand thus less disturbance of the fluid boundary layer next to the blade.Roughening the surface texture of a blade results in wakes and thesubsequent formation of additional cavitation bubbles. In general, thelarger the surface irregularity, the larger and more energetic bubblesare formed. The discussion of surface roughness of the blade 26 above interms of preferred frictional heating applies to cavitation as well.Relatively rough areas of the surgical blades disclosed herein to inducea substantial amount of cavitation are contemplated to have an RMS ofabout 63.

Cavitation can also be increased by increasing the angle and width ofthe blade cross-section which contacts the tissue. The shape and surfacetexture of the teeth of the present blade can be altered to increase ordecrease cavitation or, in effect, manage the percentage of cutting dueto cavitation. For instance, as mentioned above, a blade edge having ahollow-ground first taper and a tooth depth 46a which extends over thefull radius of the curved surface of the first taper will increase theamount of cavitation.

Cavitation is highly dependent on the frequency of oscillation. Lowerfrequencies, in general, produce more cavitation as slower moving bladestend to form larger bubbles; there is approximately nine times morecavitation energy at 20 kHz than at 60 kHz for the same stroke (peak topeak motion). The present invention advantageously can be configured toincrease the amount of cavitation at higher frequencies. In addition toaltering the shape and texture of the blade, the blade 26 oscillationmay be started and stopped with gated pulses to induce more cavitation.A blade operating at 60 kHz to take advantage of the reduced thermalpenetration, for example, may be gated to cause a greater number oflarger cavitation bubbles to form during the slow-down and start-upperiods without increasing the thermal effect on the surrounding tissue.The depth of thermal penetration is desirably limited to 1 mm into thesides and bottom of an incision. Advantageously, the gated pulses wouldbe applied directly out of phase from the original frequency to rapidlydampen out the natural vibration of the oscillating blade 26 and horn114. The gated pulse would preferably only reduce the vibrationalamplitude to S-5-10% of the original and thus leave the blade and horn"singing". The start up pulse would then be applied directly insynchronous phase with the small residual vibrations, to more quicklybring the blade 26 and horn 114 back to the original amplitude.

Another primary advantage with the surgical knife of the presentinvention is seen in its ability to cut through a wide range ofmaterials with a maximum of control. Coordinating the blade 26configuration, ultrasonic signal shape and surgical technique permit aninfinite number of applications. For example, in the area of tissueresection, straight cutting or dry cutting with hemostasis, orcavitation-assisted cold-cutting are all within the realm of uses forthe present invention. Similarly, other more durable materials may becut with the present blade 26. Osseous matter can be sawed easily andwith minimal necrosis. Plastics and cements, such as PMMA used inaffixing prosthetic devices within bodycavities, are also rapidly cutthrough with the proper toothed blade 26 and at the proper frequency.Another possible use for the present invention is for delaminatinghi-tech composites, the vibrations serving to break the chemical bondsof the laminates.

A further configuration possible with the blade 26 of the presentinvention is machining more than one shaped edge around the blade. Thistime-saving feature would provide a surgeon with essentially two or moretools in one. Normally, a surgical incision passes through manydifferent types of tissue, requiring different techniques or a new bladealtogether. The time spent switching a blade can be extremely costly tothe patient. The present surgical blade 26 may have one side shaped andfinished for rapid, sharp cutting through outer layers of tissue. Theother edge of the blade may have a rougher wider shape to induce morecavitation and drag, for "teasing" the blade through tissue close tovital organs. Other possibilities include edges preferred forcold-cutting (more cavitation), cauterizing (localized heating) or bonecutting (minimum heating).

Finally, the variations of blade and oscillation character provide theknowledgeable surgeon with a highly advanced and flexible surgical tool.The numerous combinations of the aforementioned surgical knifeparameters give the surgeon ultimate freedom in choosing the preferredembodiment.

The present invention has been described in terms of certain preferredembodiments. However, additional embodiments and variations will becomeapparent to one of skill in the art in view of the disclosure containedherein. Such variations are intended to be within the scope of thepresent invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention isnot limited by the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but is to bedefined by reference to the appended claims.

I claim:
 1. A blade for ultrasonic surgery, comprising:a generallyplanar body having at least one cutting edge thereon and a longitudinalaxis; a connector for coupling the body to a source of ultrasonicvibrations which oscillates said planar body at a predetermined strokelength; and a plurality of teeth formed on said cutting edge, each toothcomprising a pair of generally parallel sidewall portions whichterminate at a tooth end, said tooth end extending generallyperpendicular to said sidewall portions and generally parallel to saidlongitudinal axis.
 2. The ultrasonic blade of claim 1, wherein saidtooth end has a width, measured in a direction parallel to thelongitudinal axis, within the range of from about 30% to about 60% ofthe stroke length.
 3. The ultrasonic blade of claim 2, wherein saidwidth is about 50% of the stroke length.
 4. The ultrasonic blade ofclaim 1, wherein each adjacent pair of teeth defines a recesstherebetween, said recess having a generally parabolic shape formed by acurved bottom portion and the generally opposing sidewall portions ofsaid adjacent teeth.
 5. The ultrasonic blade of claim 4, wherein adistance between the bottom of said recess and said tooth end is withinthe range of about 20% to about 100% of the stroke length.
 6. Theultrasonic blade of claim 5, wherein said distance is approximately 80%of the stroke length.
 7. The ultrasonic blade of claim 1, wherein saidpair of sidewalls are spaced apart from each other by no more than about0.0015 inches.
 8. The ultrasonic blade of claim 1, wherein said planarbody comprises at least one shallow recess located on a side of theplanar body which reduces the cross-sectional width of said blade. 9.The ultrasonic blade of claim 1, wherein said planar body comprises apair of generally opposing flat tissue contact surfaces positionedproximate to said cutting edge.
 10. The ultrasonic blade of claim 1,wherein said cutting edge has a tapered, V-shaped cross-sectional shapewhich increases in width away from the tooth end at an included angleranging between from about 10° to about 90°.
 11. The ultrasonic blade ofclaim 10, wherein said included angle is about 60°.
 12. The ultrasonicblade of claim 1, wherein said cutting edge is formed by theintersection of two curved surfaces positioned on opposite side surfacesof said planar body.
 13. The ultrasonic blade of claim 12, wherein thedepth of each tooth is not greater than the radius of said curvedsurfaces forming said cutting edge.
 14. The ultrasonic blade of claim 1defined by a pair of generally opposing cutting edges and an arcuatedistal cutting edge which extends between said edges.
 15. The ultrasonicblade of claim 1, additionally comprising a roughened region thereon forincreasing cavitation during the cutting of tissue with the blade. 16.The ultrasonic blade of claim 15, wherein said roughened region isformed on said cutting edge.
 17. The ultrasonic blade of claim 1,wherein said planar body has a root-means-squared surface roughness ofabout 20 or greater.
 18. The ultrasonic blade of claim 17, wherein thesizes of surface irregularities of said surface roughness are no greaterthan about 400 microns.
 19. An ultrasonic knife comprising a source ofultrasonic vibrations, a knife blade coupled to said source, said knifeblade having a cutting edge supporting a plurality of teeth having aspacing apart from one another of 10 microns or smaller, and a controlfor selecting causing said source to produce ultrasonic vibrations toinduce reciprocal movement of the knife blade through a predeterminedstroke length, said cutting edge of said knife blade being formed of amaterial having a Rockwell (c) hardness of at least about 55 and anultimate yield strength generally about four times greater than internalstresses produced by the ultrasonic vibrations in the material.
 20. Theultrasonic knife of claim 19, wherein said hard material is selectedfrom the group consisting of diamond, sapphire and a metal/ceramiccomposite.
 21. The ultrasonic knife of claim 20, wherein saidmetal/ceramic composite forming said blade cutting edge comprises atitanium alloy base and a ceramic coating, said ceramic being selectedfrom the group consisting of titanium-nitride, silicon-carbide,plasma-chrome oxide, tungsten carbide, and aluminum oxide.
 22. A bladefor ultrasonic surgery, comprising a generally planar body having atleast one cutting edge thereon, said cutting edge being formed by theintersection of two curved surfaces extending along a portion of thelength of the blade on opposite sides of the planar body, and aconnector to couple the body to a source of ultrasonic vibrations whichoscillate said planar body.
 23. The ultrasonic blade of claim 22,wherein a plurality of teeth are formed on said cutting edge.
 24. Theultrasonic blade of claim 23, wherein said teeth each have a generallyblunt, squared tip.
 25. A blade for ultrasonic surgery, comprising agenerally planar body having at least one cutting edge thereon, saidcutting edge being formed by the intersection of at least one curvedsurface and at least one straight surface, and a connector to couple thebody to a source of ultrasonic vibrations which oscillate said planarbody.
 26. The blade of claim 25, wherein said cutting edge includes aplurality of teeth, each tooth having an end formed by the intersectionof one of said at least one curved surface and one of said at least onestraight surface, each tooth being arranged so that said curved surfacewhich forms the edge of said tooth extends into the blade from a side ofthe blade opposite that from which curved surfaces of adjacent teethextend into the blade.